Converting Between Concentration Units

The concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in water is about 0.000011 mol/L, while the concentration of carbon dioxide in blood is about 1100 ppm. It is not easy to tell which of these two solutions is the most concentrated because they are in different units. However, if we were to convert the concentration of carbon dioxide in water from mol/L to ppm, we could easily compare these two concentrations.

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Mass Concentration (m/v)

 There are lots of ways to measure concentration in chemistry.

One method is to divide the mass of solute by the volume of solution: m/v

This is called a mass concentration and common units for mass concentration are g/L or g L^-1

AUS-e-TUTE has just added new teaching and learning resources for mass concentration calculations (game, test, drill, quiz, worksheet and problem solving template).

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Non-members can go to the "free-to-view" tutorial at https://www.ausetute.com.au/massconc.html

Chemical Equations for Equilibrium Reactions

 

When do you use single arrow → in a chemical equation and when do you use a double-headed arrow ⇌ in a chemical equation?

Go to https://www.ausetute.com.au/equilibriumeqtn.html to find out!

 

AUS-e-TUTE Members should log-in to use the new Writing Chemical Equations for Equilibrium Reactions tutorial, game, test and exam with worked solutions.

Coming to terms with chemical equilibrium

In order to understand chemical reactions, you are going to have to come to terms with an important concept, that is, chemical equilibrium.

In AUS-e-TUTE's new set of resources (tutorial, game, test and exam questions with worked solutions) we look at how the type of system (open or closed) and the type of reaction (reversible or irreversible) determines whether a system can achieve a state of balance otherwise known as chemical equilibrium.

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Reversible and Irreversible Changes

 Physical changes are, in general, reversible, but only some chemical changes are reversible while others are irreversible.

AUS-e-TUTE has just added new resources to help you classify changes as reversible or irreversible.

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pH After Mixing Weak Acids

 Acetic acid is a weak acid (K_a = 1.8×10^-5).  The pH of 100 mL of 0.10 mol L^-1 acetic acid is 2.9.

Hydrocyanic acid is a weak acid (K_a=6.3×10^-10). The pH of 100 mL of 0.10 mol L^-1 hydrocyanic acid is 5.1.

But what is the pH of the resultant solution if you mixed these two weak acids together?

AUS-e-TUTE has just added new resources to help you understand how to calculate the pH of solutions after mixing weak acids together. AUS-e-TUTE Members should log-in to access the new tutorial, game and test with worked solutions.

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What is an indicator?

What is an acid-base indicator?

What does it do?

Where do we use acid-base indicators?

These and other questions about acid-base indicators can be answered at 

https://www.ausetute.com.au/indicators.html

AUS-e-TUTE Members also have access to the game, test and exam with worked solutions on this topic.

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Brønsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases

 Ammonia, NH₃, is a base right?

Well, yes it is sometimes... but it can also be an acid.

Welcome to the wonderful world of Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases.

At AUS-e-TUTE, we've just added a new tutorial, game, tests and exam to help you understand Brønsted-Lowry acids, bases and their conjugates.

If you are not an AUS-e-TUTE Member you can view a tutorial on this subject for free at https://www.ausetute.com.au/bronstedlowry.html

Elimination of HX from Haloalkanes

One way to synthesize alkenes is to remove hydrogen halide (HX) from a haloalkane (alkyl halide) in an elimination reaction.

Learn how in AUS-e-TUTE's new tutorial Dehydrohalogenation of Haloalkanes

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Classification of Haloalkanes

Question: How do you classify haloalkanes (alkyl halides) as primary, secondary or tertiary?

Answers at https://www.ausetute.com.au/rxclassify.html

Test your knowledge of how to classify haloalkanes with AUS-e-TUTE's games and tests (with instant feedback and worked solutions!). Find out more at https://www.ausetute.com.au/register.html

Alkanol + HX

What happens when you add a concentrated hydrohalic acid, like hydrobromic acid or hydrochloric acid or hydroiodic acid, to an alkanol?
A substitution reaction!
Find out more in AUS-e-TUTE's new tutorial at https://www.ausetute.com.au/alkanolhx.html

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WA Chemistry Syllabus Study Guide

Do you live in Western Australia?
Are you a Year 11 or 12 student studying chemistry?
We have listed all the free tutorial links relevant to your syllabus in our syllabus study guide at https://www.ausetute.com.au/ssgwaatar2017.html

Saturation

What does it mean when a Chemist refers to a molecule as saturated or unsaturated?
How do you test a compound to see if it is saturated or unsaturated?
The answers to these questions, with examples, are given in AUS-e-TUTE's new tutorial Saturated and Unsaturated Organic Compounds

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Homologous Series

What is a homologous series in organic chemistry?
Homologous series refers to a group of compounds that have:

1. the same functional group
2. constant successive differences in composition

The individual molecules making up a homologous series  are referred to as homologues (or homologs).

Find out more about homologous series and homologues at https://www.ausetute.com.au/homologous.html

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VCE Chemistry Syllabus Study Guide

Do you live in Victoria?
Are you a Year 11 or 12 student studying chemistry?
We have listed all the free tutorial links relevant to your syllabus in our syllabus study guide at
https://www.ausetute.com.au/ssgvce16.html

Hydrogenation of Alkenes

How can you convert an unsaturated hydrocarbon such as an alkene, into a saturated hydrocarbon (an alkane)?
With the magic of chemistry (a catalyst), you can add hydrogen across the double bond in an alkene!
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If you are not an AUS-e-TUTE member, a "free-to-view" tutorial on this topic is currently available at https://www.ausetute.com.au/hydrogenation.html

Properties of Nitriles

Why are the physical properties, such boiling point and solubility, of an alkanenitrile so similar to that of a primary alkanol with the same number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain?
Why do alkanenitriles react with so many different reactants?
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Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones contain the same functional group, for example, butanal and butanone both contain the same carbonyl functional group (C=O). So how would you tell if a substance was butanal or butanone?
AUS-e-TUTE has just added new resources to help you understand the similarities and differences in the chemical and physical properties of aldehydes and ketones (as represented by alkanals and alkanones). AUS-e-TUTE Members should log-in to use the new tutorial, game, test and exam with worked solutions.
If you are not an AUS-e-TUTE member there is currently a "free-to-view" tutorial on this topic at https://www.ausetute.com.au/ketones.html

How to write half-equations for aqueous solutions under basic conditions

Lots of common batteries like alkaline batteries and NiCad batteries use oxidation and reduction reactions in alkaline, or basic, conditions.
Learn how to write half-equations for these reactions at https://www.ausetute.com.au/halfeqtnb.html

AUS-e-TUTE Members should log-in to access the new tutorial, game and test with worked solutions to help you learn how to write these half-equations for basic conditions.

How to write half-equations for aqueous solutions under acidic conditions

Some batteries, like lead-acid batteries used in cars, and some fuel cells like those that use alcohols, rely on oxidation and reduction reactions that occur in aqueous solution under acidic conditions.
You will need to be able to write half-equations for these reactions.
How do you write balanced chemical half-equations for these reactions?

Go to https://www.ausetute.com.au/halfeqtn.html to find out!

AUS-e-TUTE Members should log-in to use the Members ONLY tutorial, game, test and exam (with worked solutions).