What is the pH of water?

The Brisbane Courier Mail ran a lift-out in their newspaper promoting science week on Tuesday 2^nd August 2011, and, within that, they included a Science Quiz of 20 questions.
Question 13 (an ill omen perhaps?) was, "What is the pH value of water?"

Now this is the kind of question that stumps a lot of High School Chemistry students, and unfortunately, most of the Australian population. So it was with some trepidation that I ventured to see what answer the Courier Mail came up with, and was not at all surprised to find out they got it wrong. Their answer was, ofcourse, 7. Feeling quite strongly about the perpetration of this misconception, especially in an attempt to promote Science Week, I emailed them to explain why the pH of water cannot be said to be 7. Unfortunately my explanation must have been insufficient, or the misconecption just too strongly believed, because they then changed their answer to the equally incorrect "the pH of neutral water is 7".

The September 2011 issue of AUS-e-NEWS takes a look at the dissociation of water and indicators.
To subscribe to AUS-e-NEWS, AUS-e-TUTE's newsletter, email
using subscribe as the subject line.

Ethanol in Mouthwash

"A company that makes oral cancer detection tests is suing Listerine-maker Johnson & Johnson over claims the company stymied sales of the tests to protect the image of its mouthwash.
....... Some studies have linked mouthwashes with high alcohol content to cancer ... "
(http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/beauty/listerine-cancer-claim-triggers-court-battle-20110829-1jh63.html)

At concentrations above 60% by volume, ethanol is an antiseptic that kills bacteria, fungi and some viruses by denaturing their proteins and dissolving their lipids. The ethanol content of a mouthwash can be around 20% by volume, which is substantially greater than the alcohol content of most wines at around 12% v/v, but less than that required to act as an antiseptic.

One of the antiseptic agents present in mouthwash is thymol, shown to the right. The concentration of thymol in mouthwash can be about 0.0063% w/v. Thymol is only slightly soluble in water, but it is very soluble in ethanol.

Typically, a person will use 20mL of mouthwash twice a day to rinse the mouth, and will spit out the mouthwash rather than swallowing it.

Further reading:
Lipids
Proteins
Functional Groups
Molecular Mass Calculations
Weight/Volume Concentration

Study Questions:

1. Give the molecular and structural formula for ethanol.
2. Explain what Chemists mean when they refer to the denaturing of a protein.
3. What is a lipid?
4. What are the elements that are present in all proteins?
5. What are the elements that are present in all lipids?
6. Give the molecular formula for thymol.
7. On the structural formula of thymol, circle the functional groups present.
8. What is the molecular mass (formula weight) of thymol?
9. What mass of thymol would be present in 20mL of mouthwash?
10. How much ethanol would be present in a 750mL bottle of mouthwash?
11. How much ethanol would be present in a 750mL bottle of wine?
12. In Australia, a standard drink is defined as one that contains 10g of pure ethanol. How many standard drinks are present in:
    • 750mL bottle of wine?
    • 750mL bottle of mouthwash?

Diamond Planet Discovered

Scientists from Australia, Germany, Italy, the UK and the USA, have detected a companion planet for Pulsar J1719-1438 in our Milky Way, and they believe that this companion planet could be made of diamond. The planet is thought to be small, less than 60,000km in diameter, with a mass slightly greater than that of Jupiter, about 2 x 10²⁷kg.
P1719-1438 and its planet are so close together that the planet is most likely to be a 'stripped-down' white dwarf, that is, one that has lost its outer layers and over 99.9% of its original mass. Based on the planet's orbiting times, the scientists think that this remnant is likely to be made up mostly of carbon and oxygen, while its high density suggests that the material present is crystalline, which leads them to believe that the planet could contain a sizable proportion of diamond.

Graphite can be transformed into diamond under pressures of more than about 4GPa, as is shown in the simplified phase diagram on the right. On Earth, diamonds can be formed in the mantle where the pressure is great enough to transform carbon sources into diamonds. Diamonds can also form when a meteorite impacts on the Earth because the impact creates a zone of high pressure and temperature in which carbon can be transformed into diamond.

Reference
M. Bailes, S. D. Bates, V. Bhalerao, N. D. R. Bhat, M. Burgay, S. Burke-Spolaor, N. D'Amico, S. Johnston, M. J. Keith, M. Kramer, S. R. Kulkarni, L. Levin, A. G. Lyne, S. Milia, A. Possenti, L. Spitler, B. Stappers, W. van Straten. Transformation of a Star into a Planet in a Millisecond Pulsar Binary. Science, 2011; DOI: 10.1126/science.1208890

Further Reading
Mass Conversions
Density Calculations
Allotropes

Study Questions

1. Convert 60,000km to a distance in:
   • meters
   • centimeters
     
   • millimeters
     
2. Convert 2 x 10²⁷kg to a mass in
   • grams
   • megagrams
   • gigagrams
     
3. What is the approximate radius of of the planet in cm?
4. What is the volume of the planet in cm³ (assuming the planet is spherical)?
5. Calculate the approximate density of the newly discovered planet (in g/cm³).
6. Convert 4GPa to a pressure in:
   • kilopascals
   • pascals
   • megapascals
   • atmospheres
     
   
   
7. Using the phase diagram for carbon in the article above:
   • What is the minimum temperature and pressure required to produce liquid carbon from gaseous carbon?
   • What is the maximum pressure at which graphite can exist?
   • What is the maximum temperature at which graphite can exist?
     
   • How many phases of carbon are present at 4500K and 0.01GPa?
   • What is the triple point for diamond?
     
   
   

Arsenic in Air, Hair and Water

On Saturday 20^th August 2011, the Sydney Morning Herald reported that the chemical company Orica "discharged up to 1.2 megalitres of effluent containing traces of arsenic above its environmental protection licence cap yesterday afternoon".
Arsenic is toxic, it disrupts the transport of energy within cells and metabolism. The minimal lethal dose of arsenic in adults is about 1mg per kilogram of body mass per day, but arsenic trioxide is about 500 times more toxic than pure arsenic.

The Romans used arsenic compounds, especially naturally occurring arsenic sulfides, as medicines. The Roman writer Dioscorides (40-90) wrote in De Materia Medica (Medical Matters) that arsenic sulfides could be used to treat warts and skin eruptions, but warned that the remedy could cause the patient's hair to fall out! It is believed that Agrippina used arsenic trioxide to murder her husband so that she could marry her uncle, the Emporer Claudius.
At about the same time, the Chinese were using arsenic compounds to kill flies and rodents while Indians were using them to preserve paper from attack by insects.

In medieval Europe, arsenic trioxide was being used to treat malaria, while arsenic sulfides were used to treat arthritis, asthma, tuberculosis, and diabetes.

In 1809, Dr. Fowler's Solution first appeared in the London Pharmacopoeia, and it was considered to be a cure for almost everything! Fowler's solution was a mixture of potassium arsenite in lavender water. It was prepared by dissolving 10g of arsenic trioxide and 7.6g of potassium hydrogen carbonate in 1L of distilled water, then adding a little alcohol and lavender oil. The maximum single dose recommended was 0.5mL of Fowler's Solution which could be added to a glass of water or wine.

Arsenic was very common in European households up until the late 19^th century.
Arsenic was being used to provide brilliant colours in dyes and paints:

• yellow orpiment, As₂S₃ (a mineral in use since Ancient times)
  
• red realgar, As₄S₄ (a mineral in use since Ancient times)
  
• Scheele's Green, copper arsenite, CuHAsO₃ (first produced in 1778)
• Emerald Green, a combination of copper acetate and copper arsenite (first produced in 1822)

In the 19^th century, arsenic-based green colours were being used to colour paint, wallpaper, soap, lampshades, children's toys, candles, soft furnishings, and even food. By the late 19th century, Gosio's disease, sickness resulting from breathing the air in rooms decorated with arsenic compounds, was identified. The deadly vapour was not identified as trimethylarsine until the 1930's.

Napoleon Bonaparte died on 6^th May 1821 at Longwood House on Saint Helena. Samples of Napoleon's hair were analysed in 1995 and were found to contain between 33ppm and 17ppm of arsenic, the maximum "safe" limit is currently considered to be about 3ppm and the normal level is about 1ppm. While some people believe that Napoleon was deliberately poisoned,it is possible that green furnishings at Longwood House could be to blame for the high levels of arsenic in his body.

Arsenic has also been discovered in the hair of "mad" King George III of Great Britain who died in 1820. In 2003, samples of the King's hair found in the Science Museum London were analyzed and found to contain about 17ppm arsenic.

in 1904, Julius Nieuwland added an aluminium chloride catalyst to a mixture of acetylene and arsenic trichloride to produce an arsenic compound that came to be known as Lewisite. Unfortunately Nieuwland had taken no safety precautions so he breathed in some of the vapour, was taken ill and spent the next few days in hospital. During World War I, Winford Lewis heard about Nieuwland's earlier experiment, and he learnt how to produce the toxic compound under carefully controlled conditions so that it could be used as a weapon. By November 1918, the USA was shipping deadly Lewisite to Europe. Lewisite was then used by the Japenese against the Chinese in Manchuria in 1940, and by Saddam Hussein in the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980's.

Tube wells, drilled in the 1970's in West Bengal, India and Bangladesh, were installed in a drive by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) to provide safe drinking water for a population that had traditionally taken its water from contaminated streams, rivers, and ponds, and therefore suffered from water-borne diseases such as gastroenteritis, typhoid and cholera. By 1983 the population, more than 30 million people, were showing signs of arsenic poisoning. The water in many of the wells had arsenic levels of between 50ppb and 4000ppb. At the time, the World Health Organisation (WHO) stated that drinking water should not contain more than 10μg/L.

In the 20th century, copper arsenite, also known as Paris Green, and lead arsenate have been used as a horticultural spray to kill moths on apple trees, but these compounds have now been phased out. Chromium copper arsenate, used to treat wood to prevent it rotting and being eaten by termites, has been phased out in some countries like Australia, Canada and the USA, but is still being used in others. In the electronics industries, arsenic is added to silicon and germanium semiconductors to provide electrons to the crystal lattice. Gallium arsenide is a semi-conductor which has the ability to convert electric current to laser light, so this is a growing use for the world's arsenic.

Further Reading
Volume Conversions
Parts per Million Concentration
W/V %
Molarity
Writing Ionic Formulae
Oxidation States (Numbers)

Study Questions:

1. Convert 1.2 megalitres to a volume in
   • litres
   • kilolitres
   • gigalitres
   • millilitres
2. "The minimal lethal dose of arsenic in adults is about 1mg per kilogram of body mass per day". Calculate the mass of the dose of arsenic that would be lethal in each case below:
   • 1 dose given in 1 day to a man weighing 90kg
   • 1 dose given in 1 day to a woman weighing 65kg
   • 1 dose given in 1 day to a child weighing 30kg
   • 1 dose given 3 times a day with meals to a person weighing 70kg.
3. The arsenite ion has the formula AsO₃^3- and the arsenate ion has the formula AsO₄^3-.
   • Write the formula for potassium arsenite
   • Write the formula for potassium arsenate
   • Write the formula for calcium arsenite
   • Write the formula for barium arsenate
   • Write the formula for ammonium arsenate
   • Write the formula for copper (II) arsenite
   • Write the formula for lead (II) arsenate
     
4. Give the oxidation state (number) of arsenic in each of the following:
   • AsO₃^3-
   • AsO₄^3-
   • As₂S₃
   • As₄S₄
   • HAsO₃^2-
   • As₂O₃
   • AsCl₃
5. Calculate the concentration of arsenic ions in mol/L in 1L of Fowler's Solution using the recipe provided in the article (assume all the arsenic present is in the form of arsenic ions).
6. For a 0.5mL dose of Fowler's Solution, calculate
   • the mass of arsenic present in grams
   • the mass of arsenic present in milligrams
   • the concentration of arsenic in parts per million
7. Assuming 10g hair samples were tested for arsenic
   • What is the mass of arsenic present in a healthy persons hair if the normal level is 1ppm?
   • The safe limit for arsenic in hair is 3ppm, what mass of arsenic is this equivalent to ?
   • Napoleon's hair was found to contain between 17ppm and 33ppm arsenic. Convert each of these concentrations to a mass of arsenic.
8. For the water tested in the Asian tube wells:
   • convert 4000ppb to a concentration in ppm
   • calculate the mass of arsenic in 1L of water if the concentration is 50ppb
   • convert the safe limit for arsenic in drinking water, 10μg/L, to a concentration in mol/L
   • calculate the mass of arsenic present in 1L of drinking water that contains 10μg/L arsenic
     

Reference

http://www.smh.com.au/environment/orica-admits-arsenic-spill-into-river-20110819-1j2nz.html#ixzz1Vcq8n2jf

Bone Composition

Bone is a kind of specialized connective tissue providing a supportive framework for the body. Bones are continually being remodeled during the life of the body so they can be used to determine the age of a body.

About 70% of bone is made up of calcium hydroxyapatite, 3Ca₃(PO₄)₂.Ca(OH)₂.
The crystals of calcium hydroxyapatite in bone are very small, about 5nm x 5 nm x 40nm.
The total surface area of calcium hydroxyapatite in bone is extremely large, about 40 hectares in the skeleton of a 70kg man.
About 10% of bone is made up of water, and the other 20% is made up of organic compounds such as collagen. The term collagen refers to a group of proteins, and is the most abundant protein found in mammals, about 30% of all the protein in the body is collagen.

The bone of very young people, less than 4 years of age, is called woven bone because the collagen fibres are interwoven and run in all directions just like a piece of felt, and the bone contains large holes like Swiss cheese.

The bones of bones of adults include lamellar bone which has collagen fibres organized into layers or sheets known as lamellae. These are usually built up around blood vessels like the layers of an onion. This produces compact bone.
Adult bones also include trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone. The bone itself is in the form of little beams (trabeculae) which are about 200μm thick. The spaces in the bone can contain marrow.

Osteoporosis refers to a decrease in the amount of bone tissue which results in an increased tendency for the bone to fracture. The shape and size of the bone doesn't change, but the little beams, the trabeculae, become thinner and some may disappear altogether.
Astronauts in space can also display a decrease in the amount of bone tissue because there is less load, and therefore less stress, on their bones in space.

Aerobic and resistance training increase the density. Bone is deposited when there is load, and stress, applied to the bone.

Scientists at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have developed a new technique to analyze the bone matrix. This technique provides information about the concentration of different proteins in the bones, which can be used to determine how the bone was formed, how it has been modified over time, and, if the bone is prone to fracture.

Reference
G. E. Sroga, L. Karim, W. Colon, D. Vashishth. Biochemical characterization of major bone-matrix proteins using nanoscale-size bone samples and proteomics methodology. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, 2011; DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M110.006718

Further Reading
Molecular Mass (Formula Weight)
Percentage Composition
Unit Conversions
Density
Mass-Mole Calculations

Study Questions

1. Calculate the molecular mass (formula weight) of calcium hydroxyapatite.
2. Calculate the percentage composition of calcium hydroxyapatite.
3. 1 hectare is 1,000m², what is the surface area in m² of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals in a 70kg man?
4. If you laid out all the calcium hydroxyapatite crystals in the bones of the 70kg man above onto a football field, how many football fields would you need? (Assume a football field is about 6,000m²)
5. The little beams in trabecular bone are 200μm thick. Convert this to a thickness in
   
   • meters
   • millimeters
   • nanometers
   • angstroms
6. The density of a bone in the leg is about 2g/cm³. 70% of bone is made up of calcium hydroxyapatite. Calculate:
   • the mass of calcium hydroxyapatite present in a 500cm³ bone sample
   • the moles of calcium hydroxyapatite present in the same bone sample
   • the percentage of calcium present in the same bone sample
   • the mass of calcium present in the same bone sample
   • the mass of water present in the same bone sample
   • the mass of organic compounds present in the same bone sample
     
7. Which type of bone, woven bone or lamellar bone, has the greatest density? Explain your answer.
8. Will the bones of a person suffering from osteoporosis be more or less dense than the bones of an athletic young adult? Explain your answer.
   
   

DNA in Space

Scientists have evidence that some building blocks of DNA, the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for life, found in meteorites were most likely to have been created in space.
The DNA building blocks present in the meteorites are called nucleobases or nucleotide bases, a group of nitrogen-based molecules that are required in the formation of nucleotides, and nucleotides are the molecules that make up DNA. The primary nucleobases in DNA are cytosine, guanine, adenine and thymine.

For the first time, we have three lines of evidence that together give us confidence these DNA building blocks found in meteorites actually were created in space:

1. In two of the meteorites, trace amounts of three molecules related to nucleobases: purine, 2,6-diaminopurine, and 6,8-diaminopurine; were discovered for the first time. 2,6-diaminopurine, and 6,8-diaminopurine are almost never used in biology so these can't be due to contamination from terrestrial sources.
2. The amounts of the two nucleobases adenine and guanine found in DNA, plus hypoxanthine and xanthine which are similar to the nucleobases but not found in DNA, that were found in terrestrial ice samples from near the Antarctic meteorites were much lower, parts per trillion, than in the meteorites, where they were generally present at several parts per billion. This strongly suggests that terrestrial contamination was not responsible for the presence of these molecules in the meteorites.
3. The adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine and xanthine were produced in a completely non-biological reaction. In the lab, these same molecules were generated in non-biological chemical reactions containing hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and water. This provides a plausible mechanism for their synthesis in the asteroid parent bodies, and supports the notion that they are extraterrestrial

Reference
NASA (2011, August 9). DNA building blocks can be made in space, NASA evidence suggests. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 11, 2011, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2011/08/110808220659.htm

Further Reading
DNA
Functional Groups

Study Questions

1. What does the abbreviation DNA stand for?
2. Give the accepted abbreviations for each of the following nucleobases:
   • adenine
   • guanine
   • cytosine
   • thymine
3. Draw a structural formula for each of the nucleobases above.
4. On the structural formulae above, circle the functional groups present.
   
5. Below is the structural formula for hypoxanthine:
   
   Which nucleobase is it most similar to? Explain your answer.
6. Guanine can form 3 hydrogen bonds with cytosine. How many hydrogen bonds could be formed between hypoxanthine cytosine. Use a diagram to explain your answer.
7. The structure of 2,6-diaminopurine is shown below:
   
   Circle the two amine functional groups.
8. What functional groups would be found in a molecule of 6,8-diaminopurine?
9. Give the molecular formula for each of the following molecules:
   • hydrogen cyanide
   • ammonia
   • water
10. Why do you think scientists would try to make the nucleobases out of hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and water in the laboratory?
    

Hydronium Ions in Fermentation

Ethanol or ethyl alcohol (C₂H₅OH) can be produced from glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) by fermentation using an enzyme as a catalyst:

C6H12O6

enzyme -------->

2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

Chemists are very interested in studying this reaction because it has the potential to convert the sugars in woody biomass into alcohols which can be used as a fuel in place of non-renewable fuels obtained from petroleum. It is known that the enzyme in yeast which is commonly used in the production of ethanol loses its effectiveness when the pH of the reaction mixture is lowered.

In aqueous solutions, as soon as protons (H⁺) are released by an acidic species they bond with water molecules (H₂O) to form hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) :

H⁺ + H₂O → H₃O⁺

and pH is a measure of the hydronium ion concentration:
pH = -log[H₃O⁺]although we often think of this as being the same as a measure of the proton concentration:
pH = -log[H⁺]since we reasonably expect all the protons to have reacted with water molecules to form hydronium ions.

Los Alamos National Laboratory scientists substituted hydrogen in their enzyme samples with deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-2). Unlike hydrogen-1 atoms, deuterium atoms provide a clear signal when bombarded with neutrons so they are visible to X-rays, this fact can be used to study the enzyme catalyzed process of fermentation.

The scientists found that as the pH fell below 6, hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) that are vitally important in the conversion of the sugar molecule into its fermentable form suddenly became dehydrated.
H₃O⁺ → H₂O + H⁺
The space in the enzyme occupied by the relatively large hydronium ion collapsed into a tiny volume occupied by the remaining proton (H⁺). This spatial change in the molecular structure prevented the sugar from being attacked by the enzyme.

The observed phenomenon provided an answer about why pH plays such an important role in the process and renders the enzyme inactive under acidic conditions. More important, it definitively illustrated that the hydronium ion plays a key role in the transport of protons in these types of biochemical systems.

Reference
Andrey Y. Kovalevsky, B. L. Hanson, S. A. Mason, T. Yoshida, S. Z. Fisher, M. Mustyakimov, V. T. Forsyth, M. P. Blakeley, D. A. Keen, Paul Langan. Identification of the Elusive Hydronium Ion Exchanging Roles with a Proton in an Enzyme at Lower pH Values. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2011; 50 (33): 7520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101753

Further Reading:
Mass-Mole Calculations
Gas Volume Calculations
Molarity Calculations
Yield Calculations
pH Calculations
Enzymes

Study Questions:

1. A Chemist undertook a fermentation experiment using 10g of glucose dissolved in 1L of water.
   • How many moles of glucose were present in the solution?
   • What was the concentration of the initial glucose solution?
   • What is the maximum yield of ethanol that could be produced from this reaction mixture?
   • If the actual yield of ethanol was 4% by mass, how many moles of ethanol was produced?
   • If the actual yield of ethanol was 4% by mass at 25^oC, what volume of carbon dioxide gas was be produced?
2. Assuming the fermentation of glucose reaction occurs at a constant temperature of 25^oC
   • Calculate the concentration of hydronium ions present in a reaction mixture with a pH of 6.
   • Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions present in a solution with pH of 6
   • Calculate the pOH of a solution with a pH of 6.
3. What is meant by the term catalyst?
4. What is meant by the term enzyme?
5. Explain why the hydronium ion is larger than the hydrogen ion.
6. Would the hydronium ion be larger or smaller than a water molecule? Explain your answer.
7. How would you define the term isotope?
8. Explain why deuterium is considered to be an isotope of hydrogen.
   
   
   

Isobutene

Isobutene and isobutylene are other names used for the organic compound with the IUPAC name 2-methylpropene. 2-methylpropene is one of the four structural isomers of butene and it exists as a highly flammable, colourless gas at standard temperature and pressure. Isobutene can be converted into fuel additives that increase the octane rating and prevent engine knocking.
Addition polymerization of isobutene results in polyisobutene (PIB) a rubbery substance which is used in the manufacture of tires, adhesives, ball bladders, caulks and sealants, cling film, rubber modification, fuel additives, and chewing gum.

Researchers at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and at Washington State University have developed a new catalyst material composed of zinc oxide and zirconium oxide that will convert bio-ethanol into isobutene in one production step.
If the catalyst was composed only of zinc oxide, the ethanol was mostly converted into acetone (the chemical used in nail polish remover).
If the catalyst was composed only of zirconium oxide, the ethanol was mostly converted into ethylene (the chemical made by plants that ripens fruit).
When the catalyst is composed of a 1:10 ratio of zinc oxide to zirconium oxide, 83% of the ethanol was converted into isobutene.

Reference
Junming Sun, Kake Zhu, Feng Gao, Chongmin Wang, Jun Liu, Charles H. F. Peden, Yong Wang. Direct Conversion of Bio-ethanol to Isobutene on Nanosized ZnxZryOzMixed Oxides with Balanced Acid–Base Sites. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011; 133 (29): 11096 DOI: 10.1021/ja204235v

Further Reading
Naming Carbon Compounds
Structural Isomers of Alkenes
Ideal Gas Law
Polymers and Polymerization
Fuel Definitions
Energy Profiles

Study Questions

1. Give the molecular formula and structural formula for 2-methylpropene.
2. Draw the structural formula for all four structural isomers of butene.
3. Write an equation to represent the polymerization of 2-methylpropene to polyisobutene.
4. Use diagrams to show why the polymerization reaction above is considered to be an addition polymerization reaction.
5. On the diagram produced in response to question 4, clearly label the monomer and polymer compounds.
   
6. Give likely formulae for both zinc oxide and zirconium oxide.
7. Give the IUPAC name, the molecular formula and the structural formula, for each of the following:
   • isobutene
     
   • acetone
   • ethylene
8. Write equations for each of the following catalyzed reactions:
   • the conversion of ethanol into acetone
     
   • the conversion of ethanol into ethylene
9. Which of the following compounds could undergo addition polymerization? Justify your answer.
   
   • acetone
   • ethylene
10. Name the products of any successful addition polymerization in question 8.